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Oracle Linux 8 Advanced System Administration Sample Questions (Q43-Q48):

NEW QUESTION # 43
Which three statements are true about the journalctl command?

A. journalctl -p err shows only error log level.
B. journalctl -p notice..warning shows all messages from notice to warning log level since the last boot.
C. journalctl -bl -p err fails if journal persistence is not configured.
D. journalctl -k shows kernel logs since the last boot.
E. journalctl -p 6 shows all info log level messages and above.

Answer: A,D,E

Explanation:
Option B: journalctl -p err shows only error log level.
* Explanation:
* The -p or --priority option in journalctl filters messages by their priority level.
* When specifying asingle priority level, journalctl shows messagesonlyat that level.
* The priority levels, as per syslog standards, are:
* 0: emerg
* 1: alert
* 2: crit
* 3: err
* 4: warning
* 5: notice
* 6: info
* 7: debug
* Therefore, journalctl -p err displays messages with priorityerr (3)only.
* Oracle Linux Reference:
* OracleLinux 8: Managing Log Files- Section onFiltering Output withjournalctl:
"Use the -p option to display messages from the journal that have a specific priority level."
* Example:
# journalctl -p err
Option D: journalctl -k shows kernel logs since the last boot.
* Explanation:
* The -k or --dmesg option filters messages from the kernel, equivalent to the output of the dmesg command.
* This option implies -b, which limits the output to messages from the current boot.
* Therefore, journalctl -k displays kernel messages since the last boot.
* Oracle Linux Reference:
* OracleLinux 8: Managing Log Files- Section onViewing Kernel Messages:
"Use the journalctl -k command to display kernel messages since the last system boot."
* Example:
# journalctl -k
Option E: journalctl -p 6 shows all info log level messages and above.
* Explanation:
* When specifying a single numeric priority, journalctl displays messages withthat priority level and higher priority levels(i.e., lower severity).
* Priority levels are ordered from 0 (highest severity) to 7 (lowest severity).
* Therefore, journalctl -p 6 shows messages with priorities:
* 0 (emerg)
* 1 (alert)
* 2 (crit)
* 3 (err)
* 4 (warning)
* 5 (notice)
* 6 (info)
* This includesinfo level messages (6)and all higher priority messages.
* Oracle Linux Reference:
* OracleLinux 8: Managing Log Files- Section onFiltering Output with journalctl:
"When you specify a single priority level, journalctl shows messages at that level and higher severity."
* Example:
# journalctl -p 6
Why Other Options Are Not Correct:
* Option A:journalctl -bl -p err fails if journal persistence is not configured.
* Explanation:
* The -b option displays messages from the current boot. This works even if journal persistence isnotconfigured because the logs from the current boot are stored in volatile memory (/run/log/journal).
* Therefore, the command doesnot failif journal persistence is not configured.
* Oracle Linux Reference:
* OracleLinux 8: Managing Log Files- Section onJournal Volatility:
"By default, the journal stores logs in volatile memory and does not persist logs across reboots unless persistent storage is configured."
* Option C:journalctl -p notice..warning shows all messages from notice to warning log level since the last boot.
* Explanation:
* The -p option allows specifying arangeof priorities. However, the correct order for the range should be from thehigher priority (lower number)to thelower priority (higher number).
* Also, the priorities should be specified in the correct sequence, and ranges are inclusive.
* Moreover, journalctl by default shows messages from all boots unless limited by the -b option.
* Therefore, without -b, it does not limit messages to "since the last boot," making the statement incorrect.
* Correct Command:
* To display messages fromwarning (4)tonotice (5), the command should be:
# journalctl -p warning..notice -b
* But even then, the priorities need to be specified correctly, and the command in Option C is incorrect.
Conclusion:
OptionsB,D, andEare correct because they accurately describe the behavior of the journalctl command in filtering and displaying log messages based on priority levels and sources.

NEW QUESTION # 44
Which two statements are true about control groups (cgroups) in Oracle Linux 8?

A. The cgroups filesystem allows limits to be overwritten in the lower levels of the hierarchy.
B. Cgroups allow processes to be organized into hierarchical groups whose resource usage cannot be limited and monitored.
C. A cgroup is a collection of processes bound to a set of limits or parameters defined in the cgroups filesystem.
D. Oracle Linux 8 implements cgroups v2 by default.
E. Different controllers from cgroups version 1 and cgroups version 2 cannot be used at the same time.

Answer: C,D

Explanation:
Explanation of Answer A:Oracle Linux 8 uses cgroups version 2 (cgroups v2) by default. cgroups v2 is a unified hierarchy system that introduces improvements over version 1, including a simplified interface and better resource management capabilities.
Explanation of Answer B:A control group (cgroup) is a mechanism for grouping processes and setting limits or parameters on their resource usage, such as CPU, memory, or I/O. These limits and parameters are configured and managed through the cgroups filesystem.

NEW QUESTION # 45
Which two statements are true about the configuration and use of cron or anacron?

A. cron jobs may run only once a minute.
B. anacron jobs may run only once a day.
C. All crontabs are held in the /etc/cron.d directory.
D. anacron jobs are used to run cron jobs if the system was powered off when they were scheduled to run.
E. The crond daemon looks for jobs only in /etc/crontab.

Answer: B,D

Explanation:
Option D: anacron jobs may run only once a day.
* Explanation:
* Anacronis designed for systems that are not running continuously (e.g., desktops or laptops that may be powered off at night). It ensures that scheduled tasks are executed at the specified intervals.
* Anacron jobs are defined with periods indays. The minimal unit of time for scheduling in Anacron isone day. Therefore, Anacron can schedule jobs to runonce a dayat most.
* It is not intended for tasks that need to run multiple times per day.
* Oracle Linux Reference:
* OracleLinux 8: Scheduling Tasks- Section onAnacron Configuration Files:
"Anacron is used to run commands periodically with a frequency specified in days." Option E: anacron jobs are used to run cron jobs if the system was powered off when they were scheduled to run.
* Explanation:
* Anacron complements Cron by ensuring thatscheduled jobs are not missedif the system is powered off or in standby mode at the time they were supposed to run.
* When the system boots up, Anacron checks for any scheduled jobs that did not run and executes them accordingly.
* This is particularly useful for laptops or desktops that are not always on.
* Oracle Linux Reference:
* OracleLinux 8: Scheduling Tasks- Section onUnderstanding Anacron:
"Anacron is designed to run commands periodically with specified frequency, but unlike cron, it does not assume that the system is running continuously." Why Other Options Are Not Correct:
* Option A:cron jobs may run only once a minute.
* Explanation:
* Cron allows scheduling tasks with a minimum granularity ofone minute. However, this means that tasks can be scheduled to runevery minute, not limited to only once a minute.
* Multiple cron jobs can be scheduled to run at the same minute.
* Therefore, the statement is misleading; cron jobs can runas frequently as every minute, but notonly once a minute.
* Option B:All crontabs are held in the /etc/cron.d directory.
* Explanation:
* The /etc/cron.d directory is used for system-wide cron jobs provided by packages or administrators.
* User-specific cron jobs are stored in /var/spool/cron/ or managed via the crontab command and not placed in /etc/cron.d.
* Additionally, the system crontab file is /etc/crontab, and there are also directories like /etc
/cron.hourly, /etc/cron.daily, etc.
* Option C:The crond daemon looks for jobs only in /etc/crontab.
* Explanation:
* The crond daemon checks multiple locations for scheduled jobs:
* User crontabs managed via the crontab -e command (stored in /var/spool/cron/).
* System-wide crontab file (/etc/crontab).
* The /etc/cron.d/ directory.
* The /etc/cron.hourly/, /etc/cron.daily/, /etc/cron.weekly/, and /etc/cron.monthly/ directories.
* Therefore, crond does not look for jobsonlyin /etc/crontab.
Conclusion:
OptionsDandEare correct because they accurately describe the characteristics and purposes of Anacron in the context of scheduling tasks on an Oracle Linux system.

NEW QUESTION # 46
Examine /etc/anacrontab:
SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
# the maximal random delay added to the base delay of the jobs
RANDOM_DELAY=45
# the jobs are started during the following hours only
START_HOURS_RANGE=3-22
# period in days delay in minutes job-identifier command
1 5 dailyjob nice run-parts /etc/cron.daily
7 25 weeklyjob nice run-parts /etc/cron.weekly
@monthly 45 monthlyjob nice run-parts /etc/cron.monthly
Which two statements are true about the jobs scheduled in this file?

A. Scripts run by the third job are delayed between 45 and 90 minutes.
B. Jobs defined in this anacrontab file are randomly delayed by up to 51 minutes.
C. Scripts run by the first job are delayed between 11 and 45 minutes.
D. Scripts run by the second job are delayed between 31 and 70 minutes.
E. Jobs defined in this anacrontab file can be executed between 15:00 and 22:00

Answer: A,E

Explanation:
Understanding the anacrontab Entries:
The /etc/anacrontab file contains the following variables and job definitions:
SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
# the maximal random delay added to the base delay of the jobs
RANDOM_DELAY=45
# the jobs are started during the following hours only
START_HOURS_RANGE=3-22
# period in days delay in minutes job-identifier command
1 5 dailyjob nice run-parts /etc/cron.daily
7 25 weeklyjob nice run-parts /etc/cron.weekly
@monthly 45 monthlyjob nice run-parts /etc/cron.monthly
Variables Explained:
* RANDOM_DELAY=45
* Specifies that arandom delaybetween 0 and 45 minutes is added to the base delay of each job.
* START_HOURS_RANGE=3-22
* Jobs are allowed to start only between03:00 (3 AM)and22:00 (10 PM).
Job Delays Calculated:
* First Job (dailyjob):
* Base Delay:5 minutes
* Random Delay:0 to 45 minutes
* Total Delay:5 + (0 to 45) =5 to 50 minutes
* Second Job (weeklyjob):
* Base Delay:25 minutes
* Random Delay:0 to 45 minutes
* Total Delay:25 + (0 to 45) =25 to 70 minutes
* Third Job (monthlyjob):
* Base Delay:45 minutes
* Random Delay:0 to 45 minutes
* Total Delay:45 + (0 to 45) =45 to 90 minutes
Option B: Jobs defined in this anacrontab file can be executed between 15:00 and 22:00
* Explanation:
* The START_HOURS_RANGE=3-22 setting allows jobs to start between03:00 and 22:00.
* Therefore, it's true that jobscan be executed between 15:00 (3 PM) and 22:00 (10 PM).
* This statement is correct because the specified time range falls within the allowed start hours.
* Oracle Linux Reference:
* OracleLinux 8: Scheduling Tasks- Section on "Anacron Configuration Files":
"The START_HOURS_RANGE variable defines the time window during which Anacron jobs can run." Option C: Scripts run by the third job are delayed between 45 and 90 minutes.
* Explanation:
* The third job (monthlyjob) has abase delay of 45 minutes.
* With a RANDOM_DELAY of up to 45 minutes, thetotal delaybefore execution is between45 and 90 minutes.
* Therefore, this statement is accurate.
* Oracle Linux Reference:
* OracleLinux 8: Scheduling Tasks- Section on "Understanding Anacron Job Delays":
"Each job's delay is calculated by adding its defined delay to a random value between 0 and RANDOM_DELAY." Why Other Options Are Not Correct:
* Option A:Scripts run by the first job are delayed between 11 and 45 minutes.
* Explanation:
* The first job (dailyjob) has a total delay between5 and 50 minutes(5-minute base delay plus up to 45 minutes random delay).
* Therefore, the statement specifying11 to 45 minutesis incorrect.
* Option D:Jobs defined in this anacrontab file are randomly delayed by up to 51 minutes.
* Explanation:
* The maximum random delay is set by RANDOM_DELAY=45, so the random delay is up to45 minutes, not 51.
* Therefore, this statement is false.
* Option E:Scripts run by the second job are delayed between 31 and 70 minutes.
* Explanation:
* The second job (weeklyjob) has a total delay between25 and 70 minutes(25-minute base delay plus up to 45 minutes random delay).
* The statement specifies a delay between31 and 70 minutes, which is incorrect because the minimum delay is 25 minutes.
Conclusion:
Options B and C are correct based on the configuration specified in /etc/anacrontab. They accurately reflect the possible execution times and delays for the jobs defined.

NEW QUESTION # 47
Examine this output:
Last metadata expiration check: 4:30:21 ago on Mon 26 Oct 2020 03:09:52 PM GMT Installed Packages Name : gzip Version : 1.9 Release : 9.el8 Architecture : x86_64 Size : 412 k Source : gzip-1.9-9.el8.src.rpm Repository : @System From repo : anaconda Summary : The GNU data compression program URL :
http://www.gzip.org/
License : GPLv3+ and GFDL
Description : The gzip package contains the popular GNU gzip data compression program. Gzipped files have a .gz extension.
Gzip should be installed on your system, because it is a very
commonly used data compression program.
Which command generated it?

A. dnf list /usr/bin/gzip
B. dnf info /usr/bin/gzip
C. dnf provides /usr/bin/gzip
D. dnf search /usr/bin/gzip

Answer: B

Explanation:
Thednf infocommand provides detailed information about an installed package. When used with the path of a binary (such as/usr/bin/gzip), it shows the package that provides the binary along with detailed information like the version, release, architecture, size, source, repository, summary, URL, and license.

NEW QUESTION # 48
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Oracle Linux 8 Advanced System Administration Sample Questions (Q43-Q48):

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